Internet

The internet is named after the internet protocol. The internet makes it very easy for us to find, manage as well as share information. It is extremely fast and efficient, especially in the 21st century. It is everywhere.

The history of the internet

There are three main individuals who are responsible for the creation or discovery of the internet. Their names are Vannevar Bush, Norbert Wiener, and Marshall McLuhan. “Vannevar Bush wrote the first visionary description of the potential uses for information technology with his description of the ‘memex’ automated library system”. “Norbert Wiener invented the field of cybernetics, inspiring researchers to focus on the use of technology to extend human capabilities”, and, “Marshall McLuhan made the idea of a global village interconnected by an electronic nervous system part of our popular culture”. (Reference: www.livinginternet.com/i/i.htm). There was also a very important conference that was held which made it more known that technology was growing very fast and thus needed to be taken seriously. This conference was called ‘The 1956 Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence Conference’.
In 1957, during the war, nuclear arms were being made. Bombs and other dangerous machines were being invented. This spread fear throughout and thus the US wanted to protect themselves. This is when the idea of wider communication between countries was brought up by Licklider and was implemented by Lawrence Roberts. This is when the RAND solution came about, which then led to the ARPANET. (The ARPANET went live in 1969.) The first communication took place between the University of California, Los Angeles and the Stanford Research Institute. The ARPANET became known as the NSFNET in 1990. The NSFNET then connected with the CSNET and then to the EUnet. After 1990, the internet started being used and was then given to individuals in 1995 to control. (Reference: www.livinginternet.com/i/i.htm)

RAND Solution

It was made public in 1964. They assisted customers to save their money and time. It is a dynamic, service-oriented company. They used the distributed network. (Reference: randsol.com class notes)

ARPANET- The first internet

This was the first packet switching network. This is what has made our internet what it is today. ARPANET was made by the IPTO and funded by the DARPA, and was planned by many, for example, Lick Licklider. (Reference: www.livinginternet.com/i/i.htm)

Milestones of the ARPANET

 March 1970- First ARPANET node made on US East Coast
 September 1971- First terminal interface processor (TIP) was used (Remote access)
 1972- By the end of this year there were 24 sites on ARPANET. For example, NASA
 1973- there were 37 sites
 June 1974- there were 62 computers connected to ARPANET
 March 1977- there were 111 computers on ARPANET
 1983- MILNET split from ARPANET. MILNET then became part of DDN (Defense Data Network)
 1985- In the mid 80’s ARPANET got gateways to external networks. Internet became global
 1990- ARPANET retired. Computers than connected to NSFNET
(Reference: www.livinginternet.com/i/i.htm)

Hacking

Hacking has two definitions. “The first definition refers to the hobby/profession of working with computers. The second definition refers to breaking into computer systems. While the first definition is older and is still used by many computer enthusiasts (who refer to cyber-criminals as "crackers"), the second definition is much more commonly used. In particular, the web pages here refer to "hackers" simply because our web-server logs show that everyone who reaches these pages are using the second definition as part of their search criteria”. (Reference: www.iss.net/security_center/advice/.../Hacking/default.htm)
Hackers are therefore good and crackers are bad. Hackers usually strongly condemn crackers.

Hacker history

Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs used ‘blue boxes’. These let them make free calls. Wozniak said, “It was all about finding flaws in the phone system," he said. "We had fun. We called the Hilton in Paris just because we could, and tried to get through to the Vatican in Italy. Having fun with a device is a bigger motivation than a pay check for some people." His attitude and motivation helped him in his career with Apple. (Reference: Ian Thomas, V3.co.uk, 6th march 2010, www.v3.co.uk/v3/news/2259035/rsa-2010-woz-reveals-hacking)
Other famous hackers included Phiber Opitk (real name was Mark Abene) who crashed 60,000 phones in 9 hours, Richard Stallman and Linus Torvald. These and many other hackers believed that all information should be free.